{"id":12681,"date":"2025-07-24T00:52:01","date_gmt":"2025-07-23T22:52:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%ad%d9%81%d8%b8-%d8%b0%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9%d8%9f-%d8%a8%d9%82%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%af-%d8%ad%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7\/"},"modified":"2025-07-29T01:02:53","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T23:02:53","slug":"who-preserves-the-states-memory-by-dr-hossam-badrawi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/who-preserves-the-states-memory-by-dr-hossam-badrawi\/","title":{"rendered":"Who Preserves the State&#8217;s Memory? By Dr. Hossam Badrawi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In a moment of reflection, I realized how daunting and complex the task of documenting history truly is\u2014especially when narratives multiply, scenes become entangled, and documentation disappears.<\/p>\n<p>We live in an era where events seem bigger than memory, information travels faster than documentation, and testimony is left to individuals rather than preserved by institutions.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps the most dangerous thing a nation can face is when its memory becomes a series of personal flashes\u2014told by individuals rather than preserved in archives, passed through stories instead of documents.<\/p>\n<p>What\u2019s even more alarming is the use of artificial intelligence to fabricate historical documents with such precision that they appear authentic, aligning with the narrative of history while subtly distorting truth.<\/p>\n<p>After fourteen years since the January 25th Revolution, I find myself revisiting and recounting pivotal moments in my life and Egypt\u2019s history. My memory\u2014and what I documented in my own handwriting\u2014is my reference. But I can\u2019t help but wonder: has my recollection of events been shaped by the truths that surfaced afterward?<\/p>\n<p>I ask myself:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Where is the speech by President Mubarak in which he announced his resignation and tasked the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces with leading the country?<\/li>\n<li>Why isn&#8217;t this speech\u2014so historically and constitutionally significant\u2014treated as an official document preserved by the state?<\/li>\n<li>Why do we find King Farouk\u2019s abdication document preserved in the National Archives, yet not a single official record of a critical turning point in our modern republican history?<\/li>\n<li>Where are the minutes of meetings from President Mohamed Naguib\u2019s era\u2014whose presence was erased from textbooks after his ousting and exile in 1954, despite being a prominent national figure?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Even worse: there is <strong>no trace of any official documents<\/strong> issued by the presidency during Mohamed Morsi\u2019s rule. No minutes, no correspondence, no published decisions that could serve future researchers studying that period a decade or two from now.<\/p>\n<p>Can a state the size of Egypt be run <strong>without a written record<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<p>Or are there documented records that exist but remain hidden from us?<\/p>\n<p>Or has someone decided that writing is a threat, that transparency is dangerous, and that history can be controlled through silence?<\/p>\n<h3>In countries that respect their memory\u2026<\/h3>\n<p>In established democracies, history is not viewed as a personal narrative\u2014it is public property. Archives are not state secrets but repositories of knowledge for future generations.<\/p>\n<p>In the <strong>United States<\/strong>, the <em>Presidential Records Act<\/em> was enacted in 1978, stating that all presidential documents\u2014letters, emails, notes, minutes\u2014are the property of the American people. These records are automatically transferred to each president\u2019s &#8220;Presidential Library&#8221; and made accessible to researchers after a classification period, usually between 5 and 12 years.<br \/>\n<strong>Example:<\/strong> President Eisenhower\u2019s library contains records of his daily meetings and discussions on the 1956 Suez Crisis\u2014now publicly available.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>Britain<\/strong>, the <em>Thirty-Year Rule<\/em> mandates that all official government records be transferred to the National Archives and opened to the public after 30 years. Some departments are now reducing this period to 20 years.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>France<\/strong> and <strong>Germany<\/strong>, similar regulations apply. Presidential, ministerial, and official documents are preserved in state archives and gradually made available based on legal and security classifications.<\/p>\n<p>This is how <strong>institutional memory<\/strong> is built\u2014knowledge is accumulated, not buried.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>A Personal Testimony: A Treasure in My Hands<\/h3>\n<p>Years ago, I came across a carefully preserved record of meetings held by Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat with a select group of politicians, intellectuals, and civil society leaders during the drafting of the National Charter in the early 1960s.<\/p>\n<p>Between the lines lay a true intellectual treasure: candid dialogues, ideological debates, deep questions about social justice, the economy, and the idea of a modern state. The process wasn\u2019t top-down decision-making\u2014it was a real interaction between authority and civil society.<\/p>\n<p>This record, meticulously archived, enabled me to understand that era\u2014not through slogans, but through its written, living pulse.<\/p>\n<p>This is what we need.<br \/>\nA <strong>living archive<\/strong>, not dusty slogans.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Memory Is Not a Luxury<\/h3>\n<p>We need <strong>institutional memory<\/strong> to preserve the nation\u2019s history\u2014not to glorify the ruler, but to hold him accountable.<br \/>\nNot to inflate heroism, but to understand decision-making.<br \/>\nNot to write myths, but to safeguard the truth.<\/p>\n<p>When documents are erased, <strong>not only is the event lost, but the lesson is erased too<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why I say:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>It is <strong>not the ruler\u2019s right<\/strong> to decide what is forgotten and what is remembered.<br \/>\nHistory belongs <strong>not to power<\/strong>, but to the nation.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>If we wish to pass on a mature country to our children, we must pass along its documents, just as we pass down anthems and constitutions.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>And now, I share with you the answer I received from AI when I asked about the <strong>legal and legislative status<\/strong> of document preservation in Egypt:<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Yes<\/strong>, Egypt does have clear legislation regulating the preservation of official documents issued by state institutions, and it is binding on government banks and public bodies\u2014<strong>but it does not comprehensively apply to all institutions<\/strong>, such as the <strong>Presidency and Parliament<\/strong>. Here are the details:<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Laws Governing Document Preservation in Egypt<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Law No. 356 of 1954<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Established the <em>National Archives<\/em>, assigning it the responsibility of collecting and preserving historical documents after government bodies finish using them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Presidential Decree No. 121 of 1975<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Allows the President to create regulations for protecting official documents, even if national security requires that they remain unpublished for up to 50 years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Presidential Decree No. 472 of 1979<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Regulates how documents are preserved within government agencies and stipulates that they be transferred to the <em>National Archives<\/em> after specific time periods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Executive Regulation No. 270 of 2009<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Specifies how long documents should be retained within government agencies before being automatically transferred to a central archival location.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Constitution (Article 68, 2019)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>States: \u201cInformation and official documents are the property of the people.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Requires the state to ensure their preservation, digitization, and availability to researchers once their confidentiality period ends, in accordance with the law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Exceptions: The Presidency and Parliament<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Despite these laws:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>Presidency<\/strong>, Ministry of <strong>Defense<\/strong>, <strong>Foreign Affairs<\/strong>, <strong>Interior<\/strong>, and certain <strong>security agencies<\/strong> are <strong>exempt<\/strong> from Decree No. 472 of 1979.\n<ul>\n<li>They are <strong>not obligated<\/strong> to automatically deposit their documents in the National Archives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>There is <strong>no explicit law<\/strong> regarding Parliament, but parliamentary mechanisms (e.g., committees of inquiry and legislation) <strong>allow it to request documents<\/strong> from the executive branch when needed, in accordance with the House\u2019s internal bylaws.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Parliamentary Authority<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Parliament has the <strong>constitutional and legal authority<\/strong> to request documents from state institutions as part of its legislative and oversight responsibilities.<\/li>\n<li>However, <strong>Parliament itself is not subject<\/strong> to the same laws that compel automatic deposit of records in the National Archives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Yes, there <strong>are laws<\/strong> that compel government institutions to preserve and archive official records and deposit them in the National Archives.<\/p>\n<p>But there is <strong>no law<\/strong> that obliges the <strong>Presidency or Parliament<\/strong> to do the same automatically, as other entities must.<\/p>\n<p>Still, Parliament <strong>can obtain<\/strong> documents from the government through its committees and constitutional powers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; In a moment of reflection, I realized how daunting and complex the task of documenting history truly is\u2014especially when narratives multiply, scenes become entangled, and documentation disappears. We live in an era where events seem bigger than memory, information travels faster than documentation, and testimony is left to individuals rather than preserved by institutions. &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12687,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[208,103,16,197],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2025-collective-articles","category-all-articles","category-articles-by-dr-badrawi","category-translated-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Who Preserves the State&#039;s Memory? 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He is the former head of the Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University. He conducted his post graduate studies from 1979 till 1981 in the United States. He was elected as a member of the Egyptian Parliament and chairman of the Education and Scientific Research Committee in the Parliament from 2000 till 2005. As a politician, Dr. Hossam Badrawi was known for his independent stances. His integrity won the consensus of all people from various political trends. During the era of former president Hosni Mubarak he was called The Rationalist in the National Democratic Party NDP because his political calls and demands were consistent to a great extent with calls for political and democratic reform in Egypt. He was against extending the state of emergency and objected to the National Democratic Party's unilateral constitutional amendments during the January 25, 2011 revolution. He played a very important political role when he defended, from the very first beginning of the revolution, the demonstrators' right to call for their demands. He called on the government to listen and respond to their demands. Consequently and due to Dr. Badrawi's popularity, Mubarak appointed him as the NDP Secretary General thus replacing the members of the Bureau of the Commission. During that time, Dr. Badrawi expressed his political opinion to Mubarak that he had to step down. He had to resign from the party after 5 days of his appointment on February 10 when he declared his political disagreement with the political leadership in dealing with the demonstrators who called for handing the power to the Muslim Brotherhood. Therefore, from the very first moment his stance was clear by rejecting a religion-based state which he considered as aiming to limit the Egyptians down to one trend. He considered deposed president Mohamed Morsi's decision to bring back the People's Assembly as a reinforcement of the US-supported dictatorship. He was among the first to denounce the incursion of Morsi's authority over the judicial authority, condemning the Brotherhood militias' blockade of the Supreme Constitutional Court. Dr. Hossam supported the Tamarod movement in its beginning and he declared that toppling the Brotherhood was a must and a pressing risk that had to be taken few months prior to the June 30 revolution and confirmed that the army would support the legitimacy given by the people\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/hossambadrawi\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/HossamBadrawi\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Who Preserves the State's Memory? 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We live in an era where events seem bigger than memory, information travels faster than documentation, and testimony is left to individuals rather than preserved by institutions. &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/who-preserves-the-states-memory-by-dr-hossam-badrawi\/","og_site_name":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hossambadrawi\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hossambadrawi\/","article_published_time":"2025-07-23T22:52:01+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-07-28T23:02:53+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1024,"url":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/524442660_1275446230612453_787762089317660819_n.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@HossamBadrawi","twitter_site":"@HossamBadrawi","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/who-preserves-the-states-memory-by-dr-hossam-badrawi\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/who-preserves-the-states-memory-by-dr-hossam-badrawi\/"},"author":{"name":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71dac15488abcc9dd96527db12aee32a"},"headline":"Who Preserves the State&#8217;s Memory? 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He is the former head of the Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University. He conducted his post graduate studies from 1979 till 1981 in the United States. He was elected as a member of the Egyptian Parliament and chairman of the Education and Scientific Research Committee in the Parliament from 2000 till 2005. As a politician, Dr. Hossam Badrawi was known for his independent stances. His integrity won the consensus of all people from various political trends. During the era of former president Hosni Mubarak he was called The Rationalist in the National Democratic Party NDP because his political calls and demands were consistent to a great extent with calls for political and democratic reform in Egypt. He was against extending the state of emergency and objected to the National Democratic Party's unilateral constitutional amendments during the January 25, 2011 revolution. He played a very important political role when he defended, from the very first beginning of the revolution, the demonstrators' right to call for their demands. He called on the government to listen and respond to their demands. Consequently and due to Dr. Badrawi's popularity, Mubarak appointed him as the NDP Secretary General thus replacing the members of the Bureau of the Commission. During that time, Dr. Badrawi expressed his political opinion to Mubarak that he had to step down. He had to resign from the party after 5 days of his appointment on February 10 when he declared his political disagreement with the political leadership in dealing with the demonstrators who called for handing the power to the Muslim Brotherhood. Therefore, from the very first moment his stance was clear by rejecting a religion-based state which he considered as aiming to limit the Egyptians down to one trend. He considered deposed president Mohamed Morsi's decision to bring back the People's Assembly as a reinforcement of the US-supported dictatorship. He was among the first to denounce the incursion of Morsi's authority over the judicial authority, condemning the Brotherhood militias' blockade of the Supreme Constitutional Court. Dr. Hossam supported the Tamarod movement in its beginning and he declared that toppling the Brotherhood was a must and a pressing risk that had to be taken few months prior to the June 30 revolution and confirmed that the army would support the legitimacy given by the people","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hossambadrawi\/","https:\/\/x.com\/HossamBadrawi"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12681"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12681\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12690,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12681\/revisions\/12690"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}