{"id":13035,"date":"2025-11-26T21:25:32","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T19:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/?p=13035"},"modified":"2025-12-07T23:53:03","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T21:53:03","slug":"oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/","title":{"rendered":"Oligarchy: A Reading of the Concept and Its Application to the Egyptian Case By Hossam Badrawy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"xdj266r x14z9mp xat24cr x1lziwak x1vvkbs x126k92a\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p data-start=\"6741\" data-end=\"7094\">Since political science began reorganizing the concepts of power, influence, and legitimacy, the word <em data-start=\"6843\" data-end=\"6854\">oligarchy<\/em> emerged as one of the clearest tools for explaining how systems transform when they drift away from the spirit of the constitution and depart from the framework of the modern nation-state into the sphere of dominance by controlling groups.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7096\" data-end=\"7332\"><strong data-start=\"7096\" data-end=\"7109\">Oligarchy<\/strong>, simply, is rule by the few: a narrow class, not necessarily uniform, but possessing enough economic, security, or media leverage to control the state from behind the curtain \u2014 even if the official facade remains in place.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7334\" data-end=\"7414\">It means a small group that sees itself as above the state and acts accordingly.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7416\" data-end=\"7558\">Historically, the Greeks used the term <em data-start=\"7455\" data-end=\"7467\">Oligarkhia<\/em> to describe rule by a small group concerned with their own interests over the public good.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7560\" data-end=\"7621\">In modern political science, the concept expanded to include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7623\" data-end=\"7923\">\n<li data-start=\"7623\" data-end=\"7704\">\n<p data-start=\"7625\" data-end=\"7704\">An <strong data-start=\"7628\" data-end=\"7646\">economic elite<\/strong> controlling wealth and influencing political decisions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7705\" data-end=\"7824\">\n<p data-start=\"7707\" data-end=\"7824\">A <strong data-start=\"7709\" data-end=\"7740\">security\/bureaucratic elite<\/strong> holding the administrative machinery and reshaping policy for its own continuity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7825\" data-end=\"7923\">\n<p data-start=\"7827\" data-end=\"7923\">A <strong data-start=\"7829\" data-end=\"7844\">media elite<\/strong> manufacturing public illusion and shaping awareness to favor the ruling class.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"7925\" data-end=\"8150\">Oligarchy is not an official form of government; it is a condition that seeps into the state, placing the true center of decision-making outside constitutional institutions \u2014 while those institutions remain as a formal shell.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8152\" data-end=\"8155\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"8157\" data-end=\"8197\"><strong data-start=\"8160\" data-end=\"8197\">Oligarchy in the Egyptian Context<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"8199\" data-end=\"8224\">Its features are visible.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8226\" data-end=\"8476\">Across decades, Egypt witnessed political and social transformations that allowed oligarchic formations to rise within the state\u2019s structure. These features can be observed without issuing absolute judgments \u2014 the goal is understanding and awareness.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8478\" data-end=\"8664\">During the Mubarak era, with limited economic liberalization, a class of businessmen became increasingly tied to political decision-making \u2014 not fully controlling it, but influencing it.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8666\" data-end=\"8936\">In the last decade, however, the integration took another form:<br data-start=\"8729\" data-end=\"8732\" \/>A growing economic expansion by sovereign entities, shielded by their names and backed by untracked wealth, created a new power class where economic influence overlaps with the executive authority itself.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8938\" data-end=\"9120\">These state-protected entities became market players, lacking neutrality, able to acquire land, take over successful companies, and void contracts between the state and its citizens.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9122\" data-end=\"9263\">Because they are \u201csovereign,\u201d a new type of centralized economic and political decision-making emerged \u2014 outside constitutional institutions.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9265\" data-end=\"9452\">On paper, there is a parliament, a government, and oversight agencies.<br data-start=\"9335\" data-end=\"9338\" \/>But in reality, major decisions are often made in a <strong data-start=\"9390\" data-end=\"9407\">closed center<\/strong>, not in institutions open to accountability.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9454\" data-end=\"9582\">This concentration is the essence of oligarchy:<br data-start=\"9501\" data-end=\"9504\" \/>Decisions crafted in a narrow circle, later \u201cratified\u201d by formal institutions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9584\" data-end=\"9587\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"9589\" data-end=\"9615\"><strong data-start=\"9592\" data-end=\"9615\">Why Oligarchy Grows<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"9617\" data-end=\"9740\">Oligarchy thrives when the political community is weakened \u2014 through marginalizing society and crippling political parties.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9742\" data-end=\"9863\">The collapse of independent unions and the weakening of parties created a vacuum where dominant powers operate unchecked.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9865\" data-end=\"9921\">With no counterbalance, the ruling cluster works freely.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"9923\" data-end=\"10196\">One of the key tools of oligarchy is <strong data-start=\"9960\" data-end=\"9998\">controlling the national narrative<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"9999\" data-end=\"10002\" \/>When media diversity disappears, and the entire reality is reduced to a single narrative, society loses its ability to evaluate events \u2014 or see the gap between official discourse and daily life.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10198\" data-end=\"10358\">The ruling entities\u2019 inability to control social media increased confusion. They formed unofficial electronic brigades to confront reasonable opposing opinions.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10360\" data-end=\"10484\">Worse, the Muslim Brotherhood\u2019s electronic brigades also attacked the state and its rational critics, fueling digital chaos.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10486\" data-end=\"10698\">On the ground, economic dominance from the new oligarchy, coupled with online clashes and the absence of constitutional accountability and media freedom, created a disoriented and fragmented public consciousness.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10700\" data-end=\"10703\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"10705\" data-end=\"10730\"><strong data-start=\"10708\" data-end=\"10730\">Why Pay Attention?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"10732\" data-end=\"10811\">The issue is not simply the rise of a \u201cnew elite.\u201d Every society has its elite.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10813\" data-end=\"10951\">The problem emerges when that elite becomes a closed bloc \u2014 unaccountable, unrenewed, seeing only its own interest in maintaining control.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10953\" data-end=\"10958\">Then:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"10960\" data-end=\"11240\">\n<li data-start=\"10960\" data-end=\"10982\">\n<p data-start=\"10962\" data-end=\"10982\">The state shrinks.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10983\" data-end=\"11014\">\n<p data-start=\"10985\" data-end=\"11014\">The social contract erodes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11015\" data-end=\"11075\">\n<p data-start=\"11017\" data-end=\"11075\">Citizens feel the country no longer belongs to everyone.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11076\" data-end=\"11095\">\n<p data-start=\"11078\" data-end=\"11095\">Trust declines.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11096\" data-end=\"11145\">\n<p data-start=\"11098\" data-end=\"11145\">The gap between rulers and the public widens.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11146\" data-end=\"11240\">\n<p data-start=\"11148\" data-end=\"11240\">Policies become short-sighted, serving the elite\u2019s survival rather than the nation\u2019s future.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"11242\" data-end=\"11245\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"11247\" data-end=\"11283\"><strong data-start=\"11250\" data-end=\"11283\">Can Egypt Overcome Oligarchy?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"11285\" data-end=\"11426\">History shows that escaping rule by the few is not through confrontation but through awareness, gradual reform, and institutional rebuilding.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"11428\" data-end=\"11446\">Key paths include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"11448\" data-end=\"11841\">\n<li data-start=\"11448\" data-end=\"11551\">\n<p data-start=\"11450\" data-end=\"11551\">Restoring healthy relations between the executive authority and the rest of the state institutions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11552\" data-end=\"11620\">\n<p data-start=\"11554\" data-end=\"11620\">Opening the public sphere and media to restore national balance.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11621\" data-end=\"11685\">\n<p data-start=\"11623\" data-end=\"11685\">Reviving political life with real parties, not empty labels.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11686\" data-end=\"11769\">\n<p data-start=\"11688\" data-end=\"11769\">Separating the economy from the executive branch and creating fair competition.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11770\" data-end=\"11841\">\n<p data-start=\"11772\" data-end=\"11841\">Renewing the elite by empowering youth and supporting free education.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"11843\" data-end=\"11846\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"11848\" data-end=\"11865\"><strong data-start=\"11851\" data-end=\"11865\">Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"11867\" data-end=\"12002\">The goal of speaking about oligarchy in Egypt is not to provoke conflict, but to offer a diagnostic lens explaining what citizens feel:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"12004\" data-end=\"12125\">\n<li data-start=\"12004\" data-end=\"12024\">\n<p data-start=\"12006\" data-end=\"12024\">marginalization,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12025\" data-end=\"12070\">\n<p data-start=\"12027\" data-end=\"12070\">unequal distribution of power and wealth,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12071\" data-end=\"12101\">\n<p data-start=\"12073\" data-end=\"12101\">absence of responsibility,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"12102\" data-end=\"12125\">\n<p data-start=\"12104\" data-end=\"12125\">lack of transparency.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"12127\" data-end=\"12291\">Understanding the phenomenon is the first step toward restoring the modern state \u2014 the state of law and institutions, a state that belongs to all, not just the few.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12293\" data-end=\"12531\">And perhaps it is the duty of intellectuals and national figures to write, reflect, and warn \u2014 not to frighten, not to provoke conflict, but to protect the nation from falling into a historical trap many countries have fallen into before.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12533\" data-end=\"12745\">Sometimes, when reviewing Egypt\u2019s modern history, I am astonished by this nation \u2014 which faced all these changes, pressures, and lost opportunities, plus setbacks capable of destroying nations \u2014 yet still stands.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12747\" data-end=\"12868\">It must carry within it the genes of civilization, hidden capacities, and a quiet enlightenment that resists all of this.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12870\" data-end=\"13051\">Egypt deserves better.<br data-start=\"12892\" data-end=\"12895\" \/>A nation where youth make up more than 60% of the population, blessed by God with beauty, capability, and history, is capable of creating a brighter future.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"13053\" data-end=\"13381\">Despite the oligarchic features present today, and despite international and regional pressures \u2014 and, at times, grave short-sightedness in handling recurring opportunities \u2014 I remain optimistic.<br data-start=\"13248\" data-end=\"13251\" \/>My optimism is built on a clear vision of how to use the country\u2019s resources, its youth, and the wisdom of its enlightened elders.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"13383\" data-end=\"13409\"><strong data-start=\"13383\" data-end=\"13409\">Egypt deserves better.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since political science began reorganizing the concepts of power, influence, and legitimacy, the word oligarchy emerged as one of the clearest tools for explaining how systems transform when they drift away from the spirit of the constitution and depart from the framework of the modern nation-state into the sphere of dominance by controlling groups. Oligarchy, &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13036,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[208,103,272,16,197],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2025-collective-articles","category-all-articles","category-almasry-alyoum","category-articles-by-dr-badrawi","category-translated-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Oligarchy: A Reading of the Concept and Its Application to the Egyptian Case By Hossam Badrawy - Dr. Hossam Badrawi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Oligarchy: A Reading of the Concept and Its Application to the Egyptian Case By Hossam Badrawy - Dr. Hossam Badrawi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Since political science began reorganizing the concepts of power, influence, and legitimacy, the word oligarchy emerged as one of the clearest tools for explaining how systems transform when they drift away from the spirit of the constitution and depart from the framework of the modern nation-state into the sphere of dominance by controlling groups. 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He is the former head of the Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University. He conducted his post graduate studies from 1979 till 1981 in the United States. He was elected as a member of the Egyptian Parliament and chairman of the Education and Scientific Research Committee in the Parliament from 2000 till 2005. As a politician, Dr. Hossam Badrawi was known for his independent stances. His integrity won the consensus of all people from various political trends. During the era of former president Hosni Mubarak he was called The Rationalist in the National Democratic Party NDP because his political calls and demands were consistent to a great extent with calls for political and democratic reform in Egypt. He was against extending the state of emergency and objected to the National Democratic Party's unilateral constitutional amendments during the January 25, 2011 revolution. He played a very important political role when he defended, from the very first beginning of the revolution, the demonstrators' right to call for their demands. He called on the government to listen and respond to their demands. Consequently and due to Dr. Badrawi's popularity, Mubarak appointed him as the NDP Secretary General thus replacing the members of the Bureau of the Commission. During that time, Dr. Badrawi expressed his political opinion to Mubarak that he had to step down. He had to resign from the party after 5 days of his appointment on February 10 when he declared his political disagreement with the political leadership in dealing with the demonstrators who called for handing the power to the Muslim Brotherhood. Therefore, from the very first moment his stance was clear by rejecting a religion-based state which he considered as aiming to limit the Egyptians down to one trend. He considered deposed president Mohamed Morsi's decision to bring back the People's Assembly as a reinforcement of the US-supported dictatorship. He was among the first to denounce the incursion of Morsi's authority over the judicial authority, condemning the Brotherhood militias' blockade of the Supreme Constitutional Court. Dr. Hossam supported the Tamarod movement in its beginning and he declared that toppling the Brotherhood was a must and a pressing risk that had to be taken few months prior to the June 30 revolution and confirmed that the army would support the legitimacy given by the people\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/hossambadrawi\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/HossamBadrawi\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Oligarchy: A Reading of the Concept and Its Application to the Egyptian Case By Hossam Badrawy - Dr. Hossam Badrawi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Oligarchy: A Reading of the Concept and Its Application to the Egyptian Case By Hossam Badrawy - Dr. Hossam Badrawi","og_description":"Since political science began reorganizing the concepts of power, influence, and legitimacy, the word oligarchy emerged as one of the clearest tools for explaining how systems transform when they drift away from the spirit of the constitution and depart from the framework of the modern nation-state into the sphere of dominance by controlling groups. Oligarchy, &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/","og_site_name":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hossambadrawi\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hossambadrawi\/","article_published_time":"2025-11-26T19:25:32+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-12-07T21:53:03+00:00","og_image":[{"width":832,"height":533,"url":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-26-212055.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@HossamBadrawi","twitter_site":"@HossamBadrawi","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/"},"author":{"name":"Dr. Hossam Badrawi","@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71dac15488abcc9dd96527db12aee32a"},"headline":"Oligarchy: A Reading of the Concept and Its Application to the Egyptian Case By Hossam Badrawy","datePublished":"2025-11-26T19:25:32+00:00","dateModified":"2025-12-07T21:53:03+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/"},"wordCount":975,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71dac15488abcc9dd96527db12aee32a"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/oligarchy-a-reading-of-the-concept-and-its-application-to-the-egyptian-case-by-hossam-badrawy\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-26-212055.jpg","articleSection":["2025 Collective Activities &amp; 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He is the former head of the Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University. He conducted his post graduate studies from 1979 till 1981 in the United States. He was elected as a member of the Egyptian Parliament and chairman of the Education and Scientific Research Committee in the Parliament from 2000 till 2005. As a politician, Dr. Hossam Badrawi was known for his independent stances. His integrity won the consensus of all people from various political trends. During the era of former president Hosni Mubarak he was called The Rationalist in the National Democratic Party NDP because his political calls and demands were consistent to a great extent with calls for political and democratic reform in Egypt. He was against extending the state of emergency and objected to the National Democratic Party's unilateral constitutional amendments during the January 25, 2011 revolution. He played a very important political role when he defended, from the very first beginning of the revolution, the demonstrators' right to call for their demands. He called on the government to listen and respond to their demands. Consequently and due to Dr. Badrawi's popularity, Mubarak appointed him as the NDP Secretary General thus replacing the members of the Bureau of the Commission. During that time, Dr. Badrawi expressed his political opinion to Mubarak that he had to step down. He had to resign from the party after 5 days of his appointment on February 10 when he declared his political disagreement with the political leadership in dealing with the demonstrators who called for handing the power to the Muslim Brotherhood. Therefore, from the very first moment his stance was clear by rejecting a religion-based state which he considered as aiming to limit the Egyptians down to one trend. He considered deposed president Mohamed Morsi's decision to bring back the People's Assembly as a reinforcement of the US-supported dictatorship. He was among the first to denounce the incursion of Morsi's authority over the judicial authority, condemning the Brotherhood militias' blockade of the Supreme Constitutional Court. Dr. Hossam supported the Tamarod movement in its beginning and he declared that toppling the Brotherhood was a must and a pressing risk that had to be taken few months prior to the June 30 revolution and confirmed that the army would support the legitimacy given by the people","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hossambadrawi\/","https:\/\/x.com\/HossamBadrawi"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13035","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13035"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13035\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13038,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13035\/revisions\/13038"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13036"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13035"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13035"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hossambadrawi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13035"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}